Open5GS – Splitting Network Elements
Nick Separating Network Elements (NEs) in NextEPC packet core.
LTE
Building Android APN / Carrier Config
How Android OS autoprovisions APN settings and how to set your own for your unique MCC & MNC.
Diameter Routing Agents (DRA)
Basics of DRAs
PyHSS – Python 3GPP LTE Home Subscriber Server
I recently started working on an issue that I’d seen was to do with the HSS response to the MME on an Update Location Answer. I took some Wireshark traces…
Forsk Atoll – Setting up Environmental Data
Importing environmental data for modelling RF in Forsk Atoll
Diameter Packet Structure
The packet structure of Diameter
Diameter Basics
A primer to the Diameter protocol and it's usage.
Qos in LTE (4G) – ARP
ARP in LTE is not the Ethernet standard for address resolution, but rather the Allocation and Retention Policy. A scenario may arise where on a congested cell another bearer is…
QoS in LTE (4G) – MBR/AMBR/APN-MBR
MBR stands for Maximum Bit Rate, and it defines the maximum rate traffic can flow between a UE and the network. It can be defined on several levels: MBR per…
QoS in LTE (4G) – QCI
The QCI (Quality Class Indicator) is a value of 0-9 to denote the service type and the maximum delays, packet loss and throughput the service requires. Different data flows have…
QoS in LTE (4G) – GBR & Non-GBR Bearers
GBR is a confusing concept at the start when looking at LTE but it’s actually kind of simple when we break it down. GBR stands for Guaranteed Bit Rate, meaning…
Forsk Atoll – WMS Map Tiles
Adding online map tiles in Forsk Atoll
LTE (4G) – TMSI & GUTI
We’ve already touched on how subscribers are authenticated to the network, how the network is authenticated to subscribers and how the key hierarchy works for encryption of user data and…
LTE (4G) – EUTRAN – Key Distribution and Hierarchy
We’ve talked a bit in the past few posts about keys, K and all it’s derivatives, such as Kenc, Kint, etc. Each of these is derived from our single secret…
LTE (4G) – Ciphering & Integrity of Messages
We’ve already touched on how subscribers are authenticated to the network, how the network is authenticated to subscribers. Those functions are done “in the clear” meaning anyone listening can get…
LTE (4G) – Authenticating the Network
How LTE Subscriber authenticate the network
LTE (4G) – Authenticating Subscribers
LTE/4G's use of RAND and K to verify subscribers identity.
LTE (4G) – USIM Basics
Contents of a USIM, fields & their meanings and basics of EUTRAN authentication.
IMTx: NET02x (4G Network Essentials) – Mobility Management – 3. Processing Location Updates
These are my lecture notes from IMT’s NET02x (4G Network Essentials) course, I thought I’d post them here as they may be useful to someone. You can find my complete…
IMTx: NET02x (4G Network Essentials) – Mobility Management – 4. Changing MME and SGW
These are my lecture notes from IMT’s NET02x (4G Network Essentials) course, I thought I’d post them here as they may be useful to someone. You can find my complete…