There’s no such thing as a free lunch, and 5G is the same – services running through a 5G Standalone core need to be billed. In 5G Core Networks, the SMF (Session Management Function) reaches out to the CHF (Charging Function) to perform online charging, via the Nchf_ConvergedCharging Service Based Interface (aka reference point). Like […]
A look at Centralized vs DeCentralized Online Charging with the aid of sugar.
After headaches importing elevation (DEM) data into Forsk Atoll, I found a better mechanism for converting them, I’d been having issues with as soon as the elevation passed 255 meters, resetting to 0 in the PNG as it didn’t understand values beyond this. I was able to open the elevation data in GlobalMapper (You can […]
A look at the Equipment Identity Register in 5G Core
A glimpse into the complexities of prepaid billing (Online Charging) Diameter based networks.
Using mod_httpapi to HTTP POST call recordings to a remote server
Setting up Open5Gs without a NAT requirement, and the routing required to do so.
Using ENUM to resolve E.164 numbers into SIP URIs using Kamailio.
A look at how the HSS can update the profile of an already in-use subscription using Insert Subscriber Data Request/Response.
How turning mobile data off, doesn’t, in LTE and 5G.
A few .bashrc tweaks to improve the ‘history’ command
The strange history and triumphs of a group formed to protest the removal of letters from the dialing plan.
A Bind environment in a Docker container for experimenting and learning ENUM for DNS based Call Routing.
Using DNS to resolve E.164 phone numbers to routable SIP URIs
A look at Multimedia Messaging (MMS) in 3GPP Networks and how it actually works.
Chances are if you’re reading this, you’re trying to work out what Telephony Binary-Coded Decimal encoding is. I got you. Again I found myself staring at encoding trying to guess how it worked, reading references that looped into other references, in this case I was encoding MSISDN AVPs in Diameter. How to Encode a number […]
As the number of Private Networks built on LTE and 5G grow, how will PLMN allocation be managed?
How does “Network Time” actually get to the UE?
A look at the 4 types of Diameter Agent
A look at tuning your SCTP parameters to detect failures quickly and reduce dropped packets when they happen.